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FREMONT, CA: Antennas are essential to radio telecommunications equipment, bridging the gap between electronic and electromagnetic signals. Therefore, the shape and size of an antenna is a strong clue as to its type, as the design dictates the antenna's purpose.
The antenna's length, for instance, corresponds to the length of the radio waves the antenna receives or transmits. In addition, the shape affects whether it receives radio waves from various directions or a single direction.
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Monopole and Dipole
A Dipole antenna comprises two long pieces of wire or metal tubing, forming a straight line but not connected, feeding into a pair of wires leading to a radio receiver. A monopole resembles a dipole but replaces a thin; flat conductor named a ground plane for one of the dipole's pieces.
The ground plane is at a right angle to the rest of the antenna. Mobile radios, like vehicles, use trunk- or roof-mounted monopole or dipole antennas. You also see monopole antennas on mobile phones, pocket radios and walkie-talkies.
Yagi
Building on the precepts of the dipole antenna, the Yagi has several pairs of metal tubing components laid parallel to each other on another yearn tube that serves as a backbone. One pair of elements functions as a conventional dipole antenna; the others reinforce the incoming radio signal, boosting its strength.
Engineers choose each element's lengths and relative spacing to produce the best radio sensitivity, effectively tuning the antenna to required wavelengths. The Yagi is the common TV antenna you see on the rooftops of homes. It has more directivity sensitivity than a dipole, so you target it in the direction of the radio source.
Parabolic
Satellite TV receivers, radar installations and radio telescopes employ parabolic antennas for their high profit. The curved parabolic surface of the antenna dish collects and focuses radio waves into a small feed antenna, transforming them into electronic signals.
The greater the surface of the parabola, the greater the antenna's sensitivity. The greatest parabolic antenna is the Arecibo Radio Telescope, located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. It measures 1,001 feet across.
Horn
A microwave horn antenna is an open-ended metal box with sides that flare outward. The microwave source or detector sits at the back of the box inside. For a transmitter, the flared sides prevent microwave energy from reflecting into the antenna. Instead, the flaring collects and focuses microwave energy inside the antenna for a receiver. Police radar guns, microwave telecommunications gear and garage door openers use horn antennas.
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